Last updated: August 2023
In recent years, more and more people have begun to question the language and terminology used by the development community. Some argue that the development discourse carries a western bias, perpetuating hierarchies and reinforcing stereotypes. They point out that most development communication is delivered in English, French, Spanish or Portuguese – i.e. “colonial” languages. They also claim that the development discourse is inaccessible, full of jargon and buzzwords.
So how can we update the language we use in development? This page proposes some answers. It brings together practical toolkits, glossaries, research and other useful readings on development language and terminology. Below, please find:
- Toolkits, guides and glossaries on language choice
- Messaging guidance in specific policy areas (environmental protection, gender and migration)
- An overview of initiatives seeking to change the development narratives
- Resources on development imagery
- Further readings and research
- Spotlight: Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Language
We hope you find the page useful – and please contact us to share your own resources.
Toolkits, guides and glossaries on language choice
The DevCom Toolkit for Development Communicators

The DevCom Toolkit contains practical advice and examples from the OECD DevCom Network. It includes specific guidance on development messaging and narratives.
A Practical Guide for Communicating Global Justice and Solidarity

This guide encourages language that promotes fairness, equality and global solidarity. It includes principles, practical examples and exercises that can help communicators apply a new approach to their work.
RINGO Lexicon
Prototype Checklist

According to RINGO, an initiative to reimagine international NGOs hosted by the Uganda NGO Forum, many words or idioms perpetuate a colonial mindset. This checklist explains why some terms are problematic and suggests more inclusive alternatives.
Africa No Filter: How to Write about Africa

This handbook was created with input from filmmakers, photographers, and writers working in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It aims to challenge and change the negative and biased narratives often associated with Africa. The guide proposes 8 steps, including being respectful, checking for bias, and understanding the local context.
Oxfam
Inclusive Language Guide

The Inclusive Language Guide provides advice on using language that promotes equality and respects marginalized groups. It explains why some terms should be avoided and suggests alternatives. Note, however, that this Oxfam initiative has not been free from criticism.
Deconstructing Development Discourse

Writing from diverse locations, contributors critically examine some of the key terms in current development discourse.
Messaging guidance in specific policy areas (environmental protection, gender and migration)
Environmental protection
DevCom: For the COP-27 Climate Summit: A New Story on Africa & Climate Action

This blogpost, co-written with Africa Communications Week, explains the problem with prevailing narratives about Africa and climate and proposes three ways forward.
Survival International – A Guide to Decolonize Language in Conservation

This guide is a basic resource for anyone who writes or talks about conservation, climate change and nature protection.
The language and concepts we use when discussing environmental issues can perpetuate harmful practices and further marginalise vulnerable groups.
Gender
Initiative Sankofa d’Afrique de l’Ouest (ISDAO): Kuûmã Guide to Linguistic Inclusion and Justice

Initiative Sankofa d’Afrique de l’Ouest (ISDAO), a feminist organization promoting human rights, proposes rules for more inclusive communications in French and English, to promote greater equality and inclusion, and to reaffirm the sense of belonging of all community members.
Migration
OECD DevCom: Communicating on Migration and Development

DevCom highlights the main migration narratives used by development co-operation organisations. It invites communicators to ask 5 important questions before publishing any message on migration.
International Centre for Policy Advocacy: Reframing Migration Narratives Toolkit

This toolkit is designed for campaigners wishing to engage citizens on diversity and inclusion. It calls for communications based on community-owned stories. It provides a step-by-step approach to building a narrative change campaign. Readers will find resources, planning tools and worksheets.
An overview of initiatives seeking to change the development narrative
Pledge for Change:
Authentic Storytelling

Pledge for Change is a commitment by International NGOs to change the current aid system. One of its streams focuses on the need to change storytelling and images to stop spreading harmful stereotypes.
Ethical Storytelling

Ethical Storytelling is a community of nonprofit practitioners seeking to adopt a new standard of storytelling. In its podcasts, filmmakers, photographers and writers discuss failures and lessons when storytelling for NGOs.
Radi-Aid
Radi-Aid is a former awareness campaign created by the Norwegian Students’ and Academics’ Assistance Fund (SAIH).
Emerging from the satirical campaign and music video ‘Radi-Aid: Africa for Norway’, the campaign has produced several satirical, awareness-raising videos to challenge the perceptions around issues of poverty and development, to change the way fundraising campaigns communicate, and to break down dominating stereotypical representations.
They used to organise the Golden Radiator and Rusty Radiator awards for the best and worst aid ads. The last edition was in 2016. In 2017, they developed the Social Media Guide for Volunteers and Travelers.
Radi-aid has also research on visual communication in six African countries. This study explores perceptions of images used in aid communication in six African countries. It examines accuracy, emotional impact, and the influence on Western perspectives. The study aims to enhance image use in aid communication while respecting people’s dignity. Key findings: respondents preferred negative images for fundraising, but they want more diverse depictions, including parents, workers, and doctors. Maintaining dignity, sharing stories, and avoiding explicit content is also emphasized.
Like Radi-Aid approach, The Guardian has also prepared several articles that call out jargon in development discourse in a humorous manner.
Changing Narratives through Imagery
Oxfam: Virtual Gallery for Shifting Power

The Virtual Gallery works with artists to reflect, creatively reimagine, and bring to life a vision for radically better futures. The first exhibition, called “‘Development’: a visual story of shifting power”, is a collaboration with Colombian collage artist Hansel Obando.
Bond: Challenging harmful visual narratives through images

Vidushi Yadav is a South Asian feminist, artist, illustrator and visual designer. Her work revolves around gender justice, south asian identity, access and right based content and she seeks to make the world a better place “one image at a time.” The article tackles the topic of white saviorism, and the need to re-imagine the choice of images to represent people in their power. Find more of her work on Instagram.
Bond: Putting the people in the pictures first

These guidelines cover filming, photography, interviewing, and the use of images and stories. They emphasize the importance of respecting the rights of the people who appear in films, photographs, and accompanying interviews. The guidelines also highlight the need to consider the potential risks and impacts on individuals and communities, as well as the ethical responsibility towards audiences.
Dóchas: The illustrative guide of conduct on images and messages

Dóchas, the Irish Association of Non-Governmental Development Organisations, prepared a guide that provides practical examples for images and messaging when working in emergencies or using social media. It contains dedicated sections on consent, child protection, and accountability and feedback.
Further readings and research
- The damage aid workers can do – with just their words: In this opinion piece, Dr Tammam Aloudat, a Syrian physician and a senior strategic adviser to Médecins Sans Frontière in Geneva, argues that the aid sector has divided the world into “saviours” and “beneficiaries” through its language and psychology.
- Development jargon: Aid or cooperation? Hans Dembowski, editor-in-chief of D+C/E+Z, reflects on the difficulty of promoting new concepts. He explains how German policy makers have sought to replace “aid” with “co-operation”, but that these efforts have often not succeeded. Even highly respected news media still use the term “aid”.
Spotlight: Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Language
Can technology help decolonise language?
AI risks reinforcing biases. Yet, several initiatives have begun to use emerging technologies and artificial intelligence to “decolonise” language:
- Home | FirstVoices: A platform that includes an AI-powered language archive, which allows users to search and access audio and video recordings of indigenous languages.
- A language and lexicon prototype: The Uganda National NGO Forum team is designing a lexicon to shift power through a language sensitivity checker and a language translator tool.
- Masakhane: A grassroots, community-driven initiative working to build Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools and models for African languages, with the goal of preserving and promoting them in the digital age.
- Decolonial AI Manyfesto: A manifesto designed to “move beyond Western-centric biases” and build “dignified socio-technical futures.”
